Hosea 10:1a| vine| Psa. 80:8-11;| Isa. 5:1-7
Hosea 10:11| himself
| The fruit of the vine should have been offered to God as a drink offering (see note 132 in Lev. 23), but Israel used the vines to bring forth fruit for themselves, not for God. They became rich, but they used their produce to build up altars and to make idols.
Hosea 10:2a| divided| 1|Kings 18:21;| cf. Matt. 6:24
Hosea 10:31a| no| Hosea 3:4;| 10:7;| 11:5;| Micah 4:9
| Because they did not fear Jehovah, Israel was not able to be in a proper situation, with God’s deputy authority (a king) among them. This refers to the headship, the leadership, representing God as His authority among His people.
Hosea 10:5a| calves| 1|Kings 12:28-29;| Hosea 4:15;| 8:5-6
Hosea 10:51| Beth-aven
| See note 152 in ch. 4.
Hosea 10:52| will
| Others translate, who rejoiced over it.
Hosea 10:6a| Assyria| Hosea 5:13
Hosea 10:7a| Samaria| 2|Kings 17:6
Hosea 10:8a| mountains| Isa. 2:19;| Luke 23:30;| Rev. 6:16
Hosea 10:9a| Gibeah| Hosea 9:9
Hosea 10:9b| battle| Judg. 20:17-48
Hosea 10:10a| gathered| Jer. 16:16;| Ezek. 23:46-47;| Hosea 8:1, 10
Hosea 10:101| double
| Referring to Israel’s two evils in forsaking Jehovah and turning to idols (Jer. 2:13 and note).
Hosea 10:121a| Sow| Hosea 8:7;| Gal. 6:8
| Here to sow means to seek Jehovah. To seek Jehovah rightly is to sow rightly. Thus, Hosea charged the children of Israel to sow unto righteousness. If they did this, they would reap according to lovingkindness. Otherwise, if they plowed wickedness, they would reap injustice. Cf. Gal. 6:7-8.
Hosea 10:122| fallow
| Fallow ground is ground that has been plowed but has not been sown. The children of Israel were the fallow ground. They had been plowed by God but had not been sown with righteousness. They were to break up the fallow ground; i.e., they were to seek God until Christ came as righteousness to rain righteousness upon them.
Hosea 10:141| tumult
| Hosea’s prophecy in vv. 14-15 was fully fulfilled by Titus and his Roman army in A.D. 70.
Hosea 10:14a| Shalman| 2|Kings 18:9
Hosea 10:151| dawn
| This word indicates that Israel was in the night, in darkness. They were a people who were altogether lacking in righteousness and justice. They forsook God and they were evil to one another.